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OperationsLogistics and supply chain

Formulas for this chapter

Value density

Value density = rupee value of the product / its weight

Choosing a transport mode. High value density favours air; low value density favours rail or water.

rupee value
Unit cost or price of the item
weight
Shipping weight of the item

Inventory created by a transport mode

In-transit (pipeline) stock = demand per period x transit periods Cycle stock = shipment size / 2 Total inventory = in-transit + cycle

Comparing two modes. A slower mode with bigger lots creates inventory on both counts.

transit periods
Transport plus customs time, in the same period as demand
shipment size
Lot size the mode imposes

Cost of a transport mode per period

Cost = total inventory x carrying cost per unit per period + demand per period x freight per unit Carrying per unit per week = annual % x unit cost / 52

The mode comparison itself. Convert the annual carrying rate to the period the demand is quoted in.

annual %
Inventory carrying cost as a fraction of item cost, e.g. 0.20
freight per unit
Quoted rate for that mode

RATER classification rule

Perceived < Minimum -> Negative Minimum <= Perceived <= Desired -> Satisfactory Perceived > Desired -> Positive

Scoring a service against the three baselines. Positive can also mean over-resourced.

Minimum
Lowest adequate service level
Desired
The highest level, what the customer hopes to receive
Perceived
The customer's perception of current service
Step 5 of 28
The real wordsTheory

Challenges in 3PL

The class's list, with the figures it quotes:

  • Supplier management, and lack of coordination
  • Poor IT network, and poor supply-chain transparency: 65 % of procurement professionals have no visibility beyond their tier-one suppliers
  • Return and repair, which accounts for 10 % of total supply-chain cost
  • Taxation and policies: environmental compliance, and policy disconnect between central and state governments
  • Capacity, warehouse storage networks, less inventory accuracy and poor tracking
  • Last-mile logistics: 75 % of consumers expect free shipping online, 86 % are ready to pay, and 65 % of retailers agree that failed deliveries are a problem